Sunday, January 26, 2020

Defining And Understanding Social Inclusion Social Work Essay

Defining And Understanding Social Inclusion Social Work Essay There have always been asylum seekers and refugees going back to the World War but in recent years the United Kingdom (UK) has seen a vast number of asylum seekers coming from different parts of the world in search of security from their troubled regimes. As a signatory to the 1951 United Nations Convention the UK has an obligatory duty to receive and protect asylum seekers until a decision has been made on their individual claim (Hepinstal et al, 2004). According to the 1951 UN Convention an asylum seeker is defined as, a person who has crossed an international border in search of safety and refugee status in another country. To get the refugee status under this Convention a person has to present with; A well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion and is outside the country of his nationality and unable or, owing to such fear is unwilling to avail himself to the protection of that country. Too often those seeking asylum travel from their familiar communities to start new life in environments that could be alien to them which makes them vulnerable to social exclusion which is defined by the Social exclusion Unit (SEU),( 2004) as: What can happen when individuals or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown. It is a process that deprives individuals and families, groups and neighbourhoods of resources and services needed for their general involvement and their health and well being (Pierson, 2002). Most of these factors affect the asylum population since they face immigration controls on things that shape them as individuals. This affects their engagement with the society towards expressing their individual needs. For asylum seekers to be socially included in the society certain areas of concern will have to be addressed. This is achieved by firstly understanding what social inclusion means. It is defined by some as, finding ways of preventing and overcoming social exclusion (ncaonline.org.uk). For this to be achieved the following points of views will be discussed on the issues that affect their health and well being, how resources and services from local, regional and national level can support them and the roles and responsibilities of nurses and other health and social care professionals in promoting social inclusion. However the author is going to use different available materials to provide an overview of this diverse group which is often mistaken by the public as a homogeneous group. The author is going to focus on asylum seekers (someone who is still in the process of becoming a refugee) rather than refugees (someone who has been granted the refugee status) because refugees just like o rdinary citizens have wider choices that can socially include them as compared to asylum seekers who do not have the privilege of choice. To whatever the destination an asylum seeker flees to, the journey is rather distressing with fears of being discovered, persecuted and arrested which can affects their mental health and physical well being. It is believed that when they arrive some would have been in good health but, the asylum process itself may entail its additional stresses such as conflict with immigration officials, being denied a work permit, unemployment, difficulties registering with GPs, loneliness and boredom (Hayes and Humphries, 2004). Their mental and physical health may deteriorate within two to three years of arriving due to post-traumatic experiences, unexpected changes, dependency, poverty and poor accommodation (Burnett and Fassil, 2002). Frequently reported mental health problems experienced by asylum seekers include anxiety, depression, phobias and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) which may cause long term problems if not well attended to. These may have been as a result of domestic abuse, multiple losses, torture, witnessing hostile situations and sexual abuse (Jones and Jill, 1998). Since mental health issues are viewed differently in some cultures, healthcare professionals have to be culturally sensitive towards those presenting with problems related to mental health (NMC, 2004). Those with PTSD will require strong advocacy to ensure that they have access to specialist support. However, some of the physical health needs usually suffered by asylum seekers are chronic diseases such as coronary heart diseases and diabetes which may not have been detected because of poor health facilities in countries of origin (Burnett and Fassil, 2002). Some conditions may have been acquired en-route to their destinations such as gastrointestinal problems, respiratory infections such as Tuberculosis (TB), malaria and other communicable diseases such as HIV and AIDS. Asylum seekers may present with fear of being seen as disease carriers which means they may suffer in silence, therefore demonstrating sensitivity towards these people will ensure that they are valued and respected regardless of their illnesses. Offering full medical assessments for the benefit of the individuals will help in detecting any unknown problems and find suitable interventions in promoting their health and wellbeing. Disabilities suffered through torture or war may present health concerns and emotional distress to asylum seekers (Burnett and Fassil, 2002). Those who are disabled will need referrals for assessment of needs where the provision of care may only be granted in regard to their immigration status, which may undermine their basic human needs (Immigration and Asylum Act, 1999). The author argues that this endangers the person with the disability as they will be more vulnerable to social exclusion. Some women seek asylum while they are pregnant. These may have been as a result of domestic violence, rape as well as prostitution as a result of trying to fend for themselves and their families. They may suffer complications due to late registrations, lack of geographical knowledge and support and poor ante-natal care (McLeish, 2002). In some instances when the woman is being abused her needs may not be identified because men are culturally considered as the main speaker of the family risking misdiagnosis of the illness. It will need tactical nursing skills and knowledge of different cultures for the womans needs to be met without disrespecting cultural beliefs and values. Since April 2004 failed asylum seekers have been asked to pay for their hospital charges which can have a negative impact on their mental and physical health. Since one of the core principles of the NHS towards healthcare is that care is regarded as a universal service for all and a basic human right, therefore service should be provided based on clinical need rather than an ability to pay (Kelly and Stevenson, 2006), it can be argued why asylum seekers are refused treatment and asked to pay for their services when they are not even allowed to work for them to be able to finance this need). If health professionals follow this core principal and exercise empathy it will have a positive impact on those who really need care. Accommodation is a key resource in the resettlement of asylum seekers. The areas they are dispersed to may be of great impact to their health and well being. The dispersal process may cause long term damage if they are dispersed to areas that are ill-prepared for their unique needs. There is evidence which shows that asylum seekers may be living in substandard housing that is impoverished, overcrowded and with high risks of fire and spreading of diseases (Garvie, 2001). They have no individual preferences and choices of where they want to live and who to share their accommodation with. While the Immigration and Asylum Act, 1999 makes the care in the community function dependent on immigration status, older asylum seekers who are in need of community care may not be eligible for basic services such as day centre places for those with mental problems, social work support for mental disorders and meals on wheels because they are subject to immigration control which can make their experiences difficult (Cohen, 2001). Okitikpi and Aymer (2000) sited in Pierson (2002) argues that other multi-disciplinary teams such as social workers have an unavoidable political task around the policies of dispersal in order to build broad coalitions in raising local awareness of the legal confinements with which refugee families have to cope. As granting employment to asylum seekers has been observed as a pull factor for more arrivals, asylum seekers in the UK are not allowed to work until they receive their refugee status, even though there is evidence which shows that unemployment does not have any impact on the number of people seeking asylum (Zetter et al, 2003), they are still not allowed to work and have to live on lower than subsistence levels of income as compared to the general public (Hayes and Humphries, 2004). Unemployment makes them more vulnerable to poverty, as they only receive about 70% of normal income support. Those who have exhausted their claims and being looked after under section 4 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 only receive non cash vouchers which they can only use in certain supermarkerts where-by no change is given back which will further reduce the amount. This stigmatises, discriminates and violates their basic human rights as they will not have wider choices of supermarkets that sell f ood from their own countries. It is believed that allowing asylum seekers to work whilst awaiting their decisions may reduce negative socio-economic effects on their mental health and enhances their social integration with the society (Hayes and Humphries, 2004). The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) offers international protection to displaced asylum seekers with a well-founded fear of persecution by assuring them of certain clearly defined rights (Loescher et al, 2008). It has a responsibility of monitoring and supporting states compliance with the norms, rules and decision making procedures set out primarily by the 1951 Convention. Nationally in the UK, the National Asylum Support Service (NASS) within the Home Office works to provide accommodation and money for everyday essentials. It provides regional funding to the local councils and registered landlords in the provision of furnished accommodation. Firstly assessments are done following the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 to check if the person seeking asylum is destitute, so that the level of support needed is clear. NASS can only support those who are awaiting decisions which place those who have been refused status to become destitute and homeless. Voluntary organisations such as Yorkshire and Humberside Consortium for Asylum seekers and Refugees (set up in 2002 co-ordinates with NASS in providing management of accommodation, developing accessible services and promoting integration into new communities (www.harpweb.org.uk). Refugee council provide advice and information in individual languages, emergency accommodation and assistance in different regional areas (www.refugeecouncil.org.uk). Oxfam is also a voluntary or charitable organisation that helps in campaigning for those who are being made destitute by the asylum process to stop them from being deported back to their countries where they may be arrested and persecuted. British Red Cross also help those who are homeless by providing food supplies, clothes and vouchers to buy essentials such as toiletries (www.harpweb.org.uk).

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Outsourcing at Any Cost Essay

Galaxywire. net decided to choose its central location in Green Fork, because the city development officials offered a 300,000 low-interest loan for employee training, promise 50 percent tax abatement for the first 10 years and construct a new 2. 3 million dollar secondary building for day care and executive suites. Galaxywire. net can help the city solve high unemployment rate, because they planned to hire 3000 employees. CEO promised they will stay and treat their employees as a family to deal with increasing distrustful of large corporations in local. Few years later, the outsourcing trend becomes popular in the United States of America, especially, most of Galaxywire’s competitors were already outsourcing. Therefore, top management started to consider moving to India in order to save at least 10 million a year. Galaxywire. net let its employees know immediately of its intention to close the home office. It provided severance packages of a month’s full pay and extended health insurance coverage for five months. But none of the top executives would be laid off and still get paid high compensations. At that time, the unemployment rate is still at 10 percent, so the city tried to find solution to make Galaxywire. net stay and still recoup most of the money it hoped to save by moving. The city does not want to lose its largest employers, so they proposed a deal that would save 7 million dollar in the first year, 8 million dollar the second, 9 million dollar yearly thereafter and extended the 60 percent tax abatement for another decade. Also, the employees agreed to a 15 percent pay cut. However, the company was not interested in the first offer and still would not stay. So the employees agreed to another 5 percent pay cut and other concessions. In addition, the city increased the tax reduction by another 5 percent. The second offer totally helps the company save 10 million dollar in the first year, 11 million dollar the next and 12 million dollar year thereafter. The second offer is very attractive, and how should the Galaxywire. net make a decision? From my own perspective, the ethical issue in this case is that Galaxywire. et is confronting the moral challenge, they are in moral dilemma, because their profit against needs of employees and the city government. If they choose to stay, it proves they fulfill the commitment. But if they choose to move to India, it proves they break the promise and dishonest. There are two solutions for Galaxywire. net to make decision. First, I suggest that Galaxywire. net should choose to stay in Green Fork and accept the first offer. The first solution has many benefits for Galaxywire. et, the reasons as follow: first, if the company chooses to stay in Green Fork and fulfill the commitment, it would increase employee loyalty and enhance the relationship with local government. Second, it is hard to measure the Indian employees will be qualified for their positions. But there are many skilled and dedicated employees in Green Fork. It is not necessary to take risk to move abroad. Third, the company should choose the first offer instead the second offer, because the second offer will bring the greater burden on local government’s budget and the employees will become inactive due to lower salaries. If the company chooses the first offer, the employees and local government will feel grateful to the company because it proves that company still care about the interests of employees and local government. According to the Libertarian theory, the company did not sacrifice individual interests and rights to satisfy the company’s interest right and interests, we can say what the company did is just and moral. Although the company sacrificed some interests, they guaranteed the employees and local government’s interests. The goodwill of Galaxywire. et will be better and better due to choosing the first solution. Second, I suggest that Galaxywire. net should move to India and give up both the first and the second offer. Also, the company should provide the employees who will be laid off a chance to purchase original issue stock as compensation. There are many benefits if the Galaxywire. net chooses the second solution, the reasons as follow: first, the company can reduce the cost and save around 10 million dollar a year, because salaries expense is largest expenditure of each company. Although the second offer can help the company saving more, the local government may not be able to afford it in few years later, because the local government’s budget is limited, and it is unfair if too much budget goes to Galaxywire. net. The local government can have more budget to support other developing or small companies in local, if the scale of the companies become bigger and bigger, the high unemployment rate problem can be solved in the long run, because larger companies need more qualified employees. Expending too much budget to keep a largest company is not a wise choice. Also, the government can set up funding to training local people to be qualified employees. Second, issuing original stock as compensation is a good way to solve breaking the promise. The employees can reap benefits from this decision, because they will earn more income per year and feel thankful to the company, and it proves that the company does not put them away; the employees still can rely on company to make money. The employees who will be laid off are used to work at the largest company, and it can prove they are qualified to their position, so it is not hard to find a new job in local or Chicago. Also, the qualified employees can help the local developing or small companies develop faster. The unemployment rate seems not to be worsening if the company moves to India. In addition, the company will have more money to invest in more profitable projects in order to make more profit. When the company gains more and more revenue, they can pay dividends to their stockholders. The second solution relieves the burden of governmental budgeting, makes employees have more income, and help the company reduce the cost. From the view of Utilitarian theory, the company, the government and the employees reap great benefits of the second solution, and it means the greatest good for the greatest number. Therefore, the second solution can be just and moral theoretically. As far as I am concerned, the second solution is more appealing than the first solution. The reason is that the second solution can distribute benefits to every member. Galaxywire. net can reduce the cost and save 10 million dollar, holding stock can help employees who will be laid off earn considerable returns, and local government will not expend more and more to keep the company stay anymore instead giving money to someone who needs it. It seems that the company move to India unequal and against the moral obligation, but according to Rawls, it is moral and just, because unequal distribution of power, opportunities, income or wealth is not just unless everyone benefits. Also, according to Utilitarian theory, everyone will happy due to the benefits he or she received, so the second solution can achieve the good consequence. In addition, the second solution helps limiting the role of government to guarantee the individual1rights. If the company accepts one of two offers, more and more resources will move to the company, it would make other companies cannot have right to achieve these resources. The government plays an important role of social resources distribution. Therefore, the second solution is moral and just in Libertarian theory. The first solution is good but not the best, so it should be rejected, because the Galaxywire. net still does not receive the ideal cost reduction. Also, the local government still needs to expend more to keep company stay, and other companies will receive less support. In addition, the employees will earn less than before, it will make them inactive. Although it is moral and just in Libertarian theory, the company sacrifice own interest to other members’ interests, it cannot lead to a good consequence, because the benefits cannot make each member satisfied. Therefore, the first solution is not perfect due to the view of Utilitarian theory.

Friday, January 10, 2020

English Is Fun

As cities become bigger and cars less expensive, the numbers of automobiles on the road are likely to increase, worsening the problem of traffic congestion. As more people move to the edge of town and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get work. To address this, governments need to ensure that there are fewer cars on the roads, but individuals must do their part in support of official measures. There are three ways to reduce traffic congestion which is by improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign.The first way that is suitable to take an action is by improving the road infrastructure. In this case, the government should take part which is they have to built an alternative ways or road. This is because there are many people that used the same road in every day especially in a big city. By adding the alternative road, the user can choose either one of road that they want to use. It can make the road become less crowded and the traffic congestion can be reduced. Besides that, wider the size of line at the road. For example, from two line become three line.When the roads are become bigger, all the vehicle can move smoothly. Improving the road infrastructure can help to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in a big cities. Secondly, the ways to reduce traffic congestion is carpooling or sharing car with friend. Nobody likes to sit in traffic. By car pooling, you’re doing your part to reduce the number of cars on the road. The more people who make that choice, the less traffic congestion there will be. People in big cities like Kuala Lumpur is more prefer using their own car.Imagine that if there are have 50 000 people, it is mean there are have 50 000 car or transport on the road. It will affect the bad problem on the road like traffic congestion. If we sharing car with friends or carpooling, it will decrease an amount of car or transport on the road and can reduce this problem. Make sure during we are sharing car, we must to maximum people at least 4 until 5 person in car or more than one based on type of car. Other than that, with using this alternative, the time will not wasting and also decrease the air pollution because there are a few car and transport were used and produce less of smoke.Take for example, we are going to work by sharing car with our neighbours and friends, so that the traffic congestion problem can we avoid because only a few of them are use car. Thus, carpooling or sharing car with friend is the way to reduce traffic congestion. One of the way to solve the traffic congestion is to organize the awareness campaign. A traffic jam may cause people waste a lot of time if the condition is worst and eventually ended up with late to work or to school. So, is very important for society to put in mind that to plan their time when they got out effectively to avoid by getting stuck in the middle in the road.A worker should choose to go to earlier or walk to the workplace if possible. In conclusion, improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign are the three ways to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in the big cities. Only by the combination of government policy and the acceptance by individuals of the responsibility for the problems related to the increasing number of cars in cities, can help to reduce this problem from keep happen. It is when individuals make a commitment to change that policy measures can be effectively implemented. English Is Fun As cities become bigger and cars less expensive, the numbers of automobiles on the road are likely to increase, worsening the problem of traffic congestion. As more people move to the edge of town and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get work. To address this, governments need to ensure that there are fewer cars on the roads, but individuals must do their part in support of official measures. There are three ways to reduce traffic congestion which is by improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign.The first way that is suitable to take an action is by improving the road infrastructure. In this case, the government should take part which is they have to built an alternative ways or road. This is because there are many people that used the same road in every day especially in a big city. By adding the alternative road, the user can choose either one of road that they want to use. It can make the road become less crowded and the traffic congestion can be reduced. Besides that, wider the size of line at the road. For example, from two line become three line.When the roads are become bigger, all the vehicle can move smoothly. Improving the road infrastructure can help to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in a big cities. Secondly, the ways to reduce traffic congestion is carpooling or sharing car with friend. Nobody likes to sit in traffic. By car pooling, you’re doing your part to reduce the number of cars on the road. The more people who make that choice, the less traffic congestion there will be. People in big cities like Kuala Lumpur is more prefer using their own car.Imagine that if there are have 50 000 people, it is mean there are have 50 000 car or transport on the road. It will affect the bad problem on the road like traffic congestion. If we sharing car with friends or carpooling, it will decrease an amount of car or transport on the road and can reduce this problem. Make sure during we are sharing car, we must to maximum people at least 4 until 5 person in car or more than one based on type of car. Other than that, with using this alternative, the time will not wasting and also decrease the air pollution because there are a few car and transport were used and produce less of smoke.Take for example, we are going to work by sharing car with our neighbours and friends, so that the traffic congestion problem can we avoid because only a few of them are use car. Thus, carpooling or sharing car with friend is the way to reduce traffic congestion. One of the way to solve the traffic congestion is to organize the awareness campaign. A traffic jam may cause people waste a lot of time if the condition is worst and eventually ended up with late to work or to school. So, is very important for society to put in mind that to plan their time when they got out effectively to avoid by getting stuck in the middle in the road.A worker should choose to go to earlier or walk to the workplace if possible. In conclusion, improving the road infrastructure, car pooling and awareness campaign are the three ways to reduce the traffic congestion’s problem in the big cities. Only by the combination of government policy and the acceptance by individuals of the responsibility for the problems related to the increasing number of cars in cities, can help to reduce this problem from keep happen. It is when individuals make a commitment to change that policy measures can be effectively implemented.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - 1940 Words

Now days Karl Marx is still consider one of the most significant and influential thinkers of all times. Karl Marx with the help of Engel’s, which was also a political philosopher were the fathers of communist or socialism which was almost establish successfully in Russia. They provided a complex and philosophical analysis of capitalist societies which is still influencing major changes in the societies. Marx opposed to the principles of capitalism and considers that it was an economic system control by labours who exchanged their land labour for money. Also Engels and Marx argued about the exploitation of working class and the interests of the capitalists that affect proletarian. The alienation of man is another reason for Marx to be†¦show more content†¦Also the relation of exploitation can be defined from the antipathies of capitalists and workers for their interests, which is the struggle of the working class ( karl marx). According to Marx, capitalism leads to the alienation of man, which work becomes a punishment rather than a pleasure. ‘Alienation’ was separating people into rigid categories and separates humans from one another by the indifferent to the needs of others. First Marx argues for that work becomes estranged from his product, therefore worker produce products for someone else, man is unable create and enjoy work of labour. Secondly, worker becomes estranged from the work itself, where labour becomes burden after the loss of creativity or identity. Thirdly labour in capitalist societies leads the alienation of people from other species beings, where workers isolated from other beings. In a capitalist society workers become isolated as individuals and view other workers as competitors and enemies rather than friends. As a result of the alienation, humans are turn into machines and tools for the capitalist society and their common bonds and shared concerns are demolished (J.Gin gell, A.Little and C.Winch, 2000). Moreover, Engels and Marx argued that capitalist system segregate human beings into bourgeois and proletariat. Since old times human where divided into separate classes according to Marx and Engels as freeman and slave, orShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels1224 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Friedrich Engels were asked to write a manifesto for a group that they had recently been accepted into, a group known as the â€Å"Communist League,† a group of activists that met in London. Marx and Engels – though Engels primarily took care of editing and revising, Marx did a large amount of the writing – would write The Communist Manifesto for this group. 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