Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Course Project

I have been In my current career field since approximately 1986. At that time, I was employed by a local county In Utah. The Job entailed helping juveniles who were being transitioned from their residential level of care to a higher level of care and vice versa. This was a standard government job that had a 9 to 5 work schedule with traditional benefits, I often think back to if I stayed there I would have retired by now.At the time, I was attending undergraduate school at the university of Utah. I had actually obtained this Job through the university. I continued to work in these types of low paying positions until my current move to Colorado Springs in 2002. The first job here was at an agency that was also a traditional type with traditional benefits and schedule. It did not pay too well and it was very demanding on me emotionally. After understanding how the agency was being paid by referral agency's I got an idea.This idea was that could contract for the service from particular agencies and an independent contractor. I could underbid the other agencies as well as receive almost 3 times as much pay. However, this would not Include benefits or have Income taxes removed. After I discussed this with my wife I decided to pursue this type of employment. I had already established my reputation In the community as a successful counselor. My specialty was working with teenagers who were struggling Witt their parent's and/or â€Å"at rise teenagers. I was able to obtain my in counseling as well.It seemed all was well for about 8 years. Problem Statement Masters degree In 2008, the economy went down and I lost a lot of my referrals as agency's started to ND services to meet their overdrawn budgets. I lost our house and had to rent. A colleague and I decided to combine contracts with some referral agencies and began to collaborate. We created a private practice as well. This has been very successful until recently when I was informed that some referral agencies were beginning to scrutinize the referral process to reduce services and meet budget demands.Again, referrals were reduced dramatically. I am at a decision making point whether to remain in this type of business or seek employment as a traditional worker for a government agency. I am 48 years old now. I am considering a career change. I am at a point in my life where I am thinking about retirement and having a Job that will be stable financially and provide necessary medical benefits as I am getting older and my health is starting to deteriorate. What is the general nature of the problem?My decision problem is deciding whether to quit my current employment as a private practice therapist and take a Job that will include traditional hours and benefits that my current employment does not have while continuing to be a therapist. What event triggered the situation? I was informed by a money manager accountant that I may not be receiving payment for a large piece of my billing for a particul ar month of service I provided. The reason given was that the referral agency had not paid the money manager. Are we imposing any constraints on the situation?I would not be able to change my employment until I am hired by a â€Å"traditional† employer. The higher paying â€Å"stable† employers are located 50 miles away so I will have to move. What are the underlying elements of the problem? Financial stability – I would like to have an employer that can meet a stability acquirement of being a position that will not be likely to end due too budget cut. Benefits – I would like to be in a position with medical benefits, retirement, and profit sharing. Continue to provide therapy- I would like to continue to be a therapist as I enjoy my career and feel I can still provide healing. Ђ Having to move 50+ miles away. Changing a comfort zone of being independent-This will probably be the most difficult of this position change. I can make or change my schedule at a moments notice. This allows me to be available for my family. Involving my family in the verbal decision and the impact on them. I cannot make this change without confiding in my family as the outcome will have an impact on their lives as well. Are there dependencies on other decisions? I have an established rapport in this community and have gained a large referral base because to this.This will help me to obtain a position in my career titled have current clients who will not be receiving a continuation of my intervention. My clients have become used to my service which is unique to me. I have a great attachment to being an independent contractor with all of the self-sufficient privileges. Objectives Statement I would like to make a decision on the direction of my long term career. This should be self-fulfilling and satisfying in a position that satisfies my career goals and financial goals.This should allow for personal growth, financial growth and the ability to provide a therapeutic service to clients that promotes long term success in their specific therapeutic needs. I want to be in a position that will be working towards retirement. I also want a position that will also provide health benefits. Fundamental Objectives fundamental objectives are to obtain a position that will be stable financially and be bled to provide benefits for medical and retirement. My meaner objectives are objectives that will help me obtain my fundamental objectives.I will determine which options that I have and what my overall cost financially and for my overall career will Alternatives After researching what my objectives are and determining my meaner objectives, I have found that I have three alternatives: Remain at my current agency where I have no benefits but I have independence in my schedule and direction of therapeutic service I provide to my clients. I am my own boss and am responsible for he hours I need to meet my personal financial demands. I will be able to r emain in my current location.I could move from within the city to a residence where there is more demand for my therapeutic service. My wife would not need to eventually change her Job if I stay with this position. Seek a position with a government agency where I can continue to be a therapist and provide a consistent intervention to meet client's therapeutic needs. This will have medical benefits and a plan for retirement. I would have a supervisor who will determine my financial growth. This session will require a movement approximately 50 miles away. I have a brother and sister who would be residing closer to me if I move.My wife could potentially keep her employment but transfer. She could potentially earn a position that would be better financially. She may have to change her current career if she cannot transfer. Seek a position with an agency that is not a government agency but I will need to cater the intervention to the specific clientele and adhere to the agency's specific intervention.. I would have a supervisor who will determine my financial growth. This position will provide medical benefits a retirement plan and potential for profit sharing. This would also require me to move approximately 50 miles away.I have decided that I would not like t compete with my current agency. This position will impact my wife similarly to the second alternative position. Selection As part of this process of selection I asked myself the following questions: Will I become bored with the position? I will be at this Job everyday and must come to the realization that I must be able to keep interested to avoid becoming bored. It the session one I will look forward to everyday? I currently enjoy my current Job. I feel at times at I TN t is not a Job but more to a rewarding elite to providing healing to others in need. ЂCan I see myself at this Job at a retirement age? I want to be able to visualize walking out the door with a great feeling rather than a feeling that i s cynical. Am I taking this position because I have to or want to? I do not want to make a decision that If I don't need to I won't. I have made decisions in the past that I regretted because I should have been focused on other priorities. Descriptions of Alternatives- My change decision have three alternatives that I need to determine what I must decide. They involve the actual decision making process and consequence.Alternative A- I make no changes and stay in current role, current pay and benefits. This has some risk but less that the other alternatives because I am aware of what I currently have. Alternative B- I will work in my role until I have the capital to move slowly. This alternative adds practicality to my decision. I currently cannot afford to move. I have estimated that it would cost approximately $5000 to eve from my location to Denver which is where I would need to move. This has more risk that alternative A but less than alternative C. Alternative C- If I move now w hich entails more risk financially.I could obtain a better position. I could reside closer to family siblings. I could potentially earn a higher salary. I could earn benefits. This would also give me weekends off and be home after pm every day. Consequences I ranked the alternative according to the potential risks. Alternative A had the least risk ( appendix A). Then I scored the financial cost (5 points), the lowest potential rate of redo (2 points), looking forward everyday (2 points), potential for retirement (2 points) and is the position want or a need (2 points) (Appendix B).If I were to use the additional factors, I could conclude to choose Alternative B. I could do this and if the economy was to improve and there was not a need for change other than a want for retirement. I have also determined that I could also potentially increase my referral base and meeting my temperamental objective. Conclusion The theory of rational choice making assumes that the relative favorite betw een two options does not depend on the presence of other options (Taverns and Simonton 1993).I have made decisions in the past without using a rational tool or additional meaner that can help without using emotions that were impulsive. In other words, rational choices satisfy the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IA) assumption Luck 1959). There are times that we are driven by emotions to make a decision that will have a impact that can affect our lives but have irrelevant consequences especially if we deduce that a fundamental objective is not connected in a long term decision.I feel that both career and mental health counseling skills are necessary to assist with the emotions of fear, anxiety, depression and self-doubt, as well as with career formation change, decision making, and implementation of a career change (Niles ; Harris-Bowlines, 2009). Elf we do not address these areas specifically as well urine this process of making a choice such as mine there could be addition al long term consequences. As I have stated in previous sections, I will remain at my current position. Course Project I have been In my current career field since approximately 1986. At that time, I was employed by a local county In Utah. The Job entailed helping juveniles who were being transitioned from their residential level of care to a higher level of care and vice versa. This was a standard government job that had a 9 to 5 work schedule with traditional benefits, I often think back to if I stayed there I would have retired by now.At the time, I was attending undergraduate school at the university of Utah. I had actually obtained this Job through the university. I continued to work in these types of low paying positions until my current move to Colorado Springs in 2002. The first job here was at an agency that was also a traditional type with traditional benefits and schedule. It did not pay too well and it was very demanding on me emotionally. After understanding how the agency was being paid by referral agency's I got an idea.This idea was that could contract for the service from particular agencies and an independent contractor. I could underbid the other agencies as well as receive almost 3 times as much pay. However, this would not Include benefits or have Income taxes removed. After I discussed this with my wife I decided to pursue this type of employment. I had already established my reputation In the community as a successful counselor. My specialty was working with teenagers who were struggling Witt their parent's and/or â€Å"at rise teenagers. I was able to obtain my in counseling as well.It seemed all was well for about 8 years. Problem Statement Masters degree In 2008, the economy went down and I lost a lot of my referrals as agency's started to ND services to meet their overdrawn budgets. I lost our house and had to rent. A colleague and I decided to combine contracts with some referral agencies and began to collaborate. We created a private practice as well. This has been very successful until recently when I was informed that some referral agencies were beginning to scrutinize the referral process to reduce services and meet budget demands.Again, referrals were reduced dramatically. I am at a decision making point whether to remain in this type of business or seek employment as a traditional worker for a government agency. I am 48 years old now. I am considering a career change. I am at a point in my life where I am thinking about retirement and having a Job that will be stable financially and provide necessary medical benefits as I am getting older and my health is starting to deteriorate. What is the general nature of the problem?My decision problem is deciding whether to quit my current employment as a private practice therapist and take a Job that will include traditional hours and benefits that my current employment does not have while continuing to be a therapist. What event triggered the situation? I was informed by a money manager accountant that I may not be receiving payment for a large piece of my billing for a particul ar month of service I provided. The reason given was that the referral agency had not paid the money manager. Are we imposing any constraints on the situation?I would not be able to change my employment until I am hired by a â€Å"traditional† employer. The higher paying â€Å"stable† employers are located 50 miles away so I will have to move. What are the underlying elements of the problem? Financial stability – I would like to have an employer that can meet a stability acquirement of being a position that will not be likely to end due too budget cut. Benefits – I would like to be in a position with medical benefits, retirement, and profit sharing. Continue to provide therapy- I would like to continue to be a therapist as I enjoy my career and feel I can still provide healing. Ђ Having to move 50+ miles away. Changing a comfort zone of being independent-This will probably be the most difficult of this position change. I can make or change my schedule at a moments notice. This allows me to be available for my family. Involving my family in the verbal decision and the impact on them. I cannot make this change without confiding in my family as the outcome will have an impact on their lives as well. Are there dependencies on other decisions? I have an established rapport in this community and have gained a large referral base because to this.This will help me to obtain a position in my career titled have current clients who will not be receiving a continuation of my intervention. My clients have become used to my service which is unique to me. I have a great attachment to being an independent contractor with all of the self-sufficient privileges. Objectives Statement I would like to make a decision on the direction of my long term career. This should be self-fulfilling and satisfying in a position that satisfies my career goals and financial goals.This should allow for personal growth, financial growth and the ability to provide a therapeutic service to clients that promotes long term success in their specific therapeutic needs. I want to be in a position that will be working towards retirement. I also want a position that will also provide health benefits. Fundamental Objectives fundamental objectives are to obtain a position that will be stable financially and be bled to provide benefits for medical and retirement. My meaner objectives are objectives that will help me obtain my fundamental objectives.I will determine which options that I have and what my overall cost financially and for my overall career will Alternatives After researching what my objectives are and determining my meaner objectives, I have found that I have three alternatives: Remain at my current agency where I have no benefits but I have independence in my schedule and direction of therapeutic service I provide to my clients. I am my own boss and am responsible for he hours I need to meet my personal financial demands. I will be able to r emain in my current location.I could move from within the city to a residence where there is more demand for my therapeutic service. My wife would not need to eventually change her Job if I stay with this position. Seek a position with a government agency where I can continue to be a therapist and provide a consistent intervention to meet client's therapeutic needs. This will have medical benefits and a plan for retirement. I would have a supervisor who will determine my financial growth. This session will require a movement approximately 50 miles away. I have a brother and sister who would be residing closer to me if I move.My wife could potentially keep her employment but transfer. She could potentially earn a position that would be better financially. She may have to change her current career if she cannot transfer. Seek a position with an agency that is not a government agency but I will need to cater the intervention to the specific clientele and adhere to the agency's specific intervention.. I would have a supervisor who will determine my financial growth. This position will provide medical benefits a retirement plan and potential for profit sharing. This would also require me to move approximately 50 miles away.I have decided that I would not like t compete with my current agency. This position will impact my wife similarly to the second alternative position. Selection As part of this process of selection I asked myself the following questions: Will I become bored with the position? I will be at this Job everyday and must come to the realization that I must be able to keep interested to avoid becoming bored. It the session one I will look forward to everyday? I currently enjoy my current Job. I feel at times at I TN t is not a Job but more to a rewarding elite to providing healing to others in need. ЂCan I see myself at this Job at a retirement age? I want to be able to visualize walking out the door with a great feeling rather than a feeling that i s cynical. Am I taking this position because I have to or want to? I do not want to make a decision that If I don't need to I won't. I have made decisions in the past that I regretted because I should have been focused on other priorities. Descriptions of Alternatives- My change decision have three alternatives that I need to determine what I must decide. They involve the actual decision making process and consequence.Alternative A- I make no changes and stay in current role, current pay and benefits. This has some risk but less that the other alternatives because I am aware of what I currently have. Alternative B- I will work in my role until I have the capital to move slowly. This alternative adds practicality to my decision. I currently cannot afford to move. I have estimated that it would cost approximately $5000 to eve from my location to Denver which is where I would need to move. This has more risk that alternative A but less than alternative C. Alternative C- If I move now w hich entails more risk financially.I could obtain a better position. I could reside closer to family siblings. I could potentially earn a higher salary. I could earn benefits. This would also give me weekends off and be home after pm every day. Consequences I ranked the alternative according to the potential risks. Alternative A had the least risk ( appendix A). Then I scored the financial cost (5 points), the lowest potential rate of redo (2 points), looking forward everyday (2 points), potential for retirement (2 points) and is the position want or a need (2 points) (Appendix B).If I were to use the additional factors, I could conclude to choose Alternative B. I could do this and if the economy was to improve and there was not a need for change other than a want for retirement. I have also determined that I could also potentially increase my referral base and meeting my temperamental objective. Conclusion The theory of rational choice making assumes that the relative favorite betw een two options does not depend on the presence of other options (Taverns and Simonton 1993).I have made decisions in the past without using a rational tool or additional meaner that can help without using emotions that were impulsive. In other words, rational choices satisfy the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IA) assumption Luck 1959). There are times that we are driven by emotions to make a decision that will have a impact that can affect our lives but have irrelevant consequences especially if we deduce that a fundamental objective is not connected in a long term decision.I feel that both career and mental health counseling skills are necessary to assist with the emotions of fear, anxiety, depression and self-doubt, as well as with career formation change, decision making, and implementation of a career change (Niles ; Harris-Bowlines, 2009). Elf we do not address these areas specifically as well urine this process of making a choice such as mine there could be addition al long term consequences. As I have stated in previous sections, I will remain at my current position.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

The Incredible Hulk Review

{draw:g} â€Å"10 out of 10† says everyone! If not it is because they must be green with envy at the magnum opus that was synthesised by Louis Leterrier himself! But still no contest to the first film. â€Å"Unleash the fury† was the tagline for the intellectual production, which is â€Å"The Incredible Hulk† we can certainly say the viewers were filled with fury when the film came to an abrupt and odd ending when the wrecked city faded away with no questions answered. The film was far from incredible, I would say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ unconceivable and that alone wouldn’t put a smile on my face. The film opens with the traditional Marvel trademark guarantying another larger-than-life, adrenaline filled and gleaming adaptation summoned from Stan Lee’s genius psyche. We have a glance into the terrible accident that ruined Bruce Banner’s (Edward Norton) life, a brilliant (or terrible? ) experiment involving gamma radiation that renders a monstrous alter-ego that convenes when Bruce’s anger meter reaches boiling point. We witness where he has been lowered to; a favela in Brazil where the fear of being shipped off to a Government facility to be experimented on dominates his every thought. We see a little box that reads: Days without Incidence: 145. His efforts to hide himself from recognition have failed him when a single drop of blood oozes from his finger and we get a close up of the betraying blood as it cascades towards the empty bottles, Louis’s camera shot created the effect of a dramatic fall because of the sheer speed at which the blood fell. The Government catch way of the concealed fugitive and the chase is on. The battle begins in the streets of the favela town and the end is inevitable. Yes, the hulk does demonstrate his effortless ability to destroy and exterminate things and yes, the Government agents go flying†¦.. But after the big brawl that trashed the town and left all Government agents hospitalised Bruce finds himself randomly in North America and the little box comes up again: Days without incidence: 0. He ventures to Culver University: were the hulk was born. He accidentally meets the love of his life, Betty (Liv Tyler) who was dating psychiatrist Leonard Samson (Ty Burrel) who is swiftly aborted when her eyes find themselves staring at Bruce, the connection is rapidly re-established. They seem to fall helplessly in love and their journey starts to try finding a cure in the hands of Mr Blue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In the intervening time a Government soldier named Blonsky (Tim Roth) has been put forward for a test to bestow the powers of the incredible hulk; enhanced strength, speed, agility, reflexes, endurance and healing. without the defect of massive size and loss of control. He slowly obtains the urge to become more powerful once he saw what the Hulk could do in a brilliant scene where Bruce had been driven to a glass bridge and gassed shadowing the talented Bruce to renovate into the highly powerful Hulk, the camera shot –A big close up- was effective because it slowly zoomed in to add anticipation to see what was going on in the glass bridge, Bruce is rapidly angered and he metamorphosis’s to the hulk then a huge green hand pounds against the glass, the soldiers pupils dilate at the fear inside them. The soldiers run like ants compared with the hulk when he smashing the glass and its integrate with one swoop. They learn that Sterns has developed a possible antidot that may cure Banner's condition, or merely reverse each individual transformation. After a successful test, Sterns reveals that he has synthesized Banner's blood sample (which he sent from Brazil) into a large supply with the intention of using it to bring humans to the next evolutionary level. Appalled by what Sterns had done and fearful of the Hulk's power falling into the wrong hands, Banner attempts to convince Sterns to destroy the blood supply, but he is attacked by Ross' forces and taken into custody with Betty. While Sterns is interrogated by a female soldier about his work, Blonsky strikes her down and demands that Sterns inject him with Banner's blood sample, as he covets the awesome power of the Hulk. Sterns warns that the combination of the super soldier formula (which Blonsky has overdosed on, slightly deforming his skeleton) and a gamma treatment would be an unpredictable combination that could turn him into an â€Å"abomination†. Unconcerned, Blonsky forces Sterns to administer the gamma charge, and he mutates into a hideous monster, with strength and power that surpasses that of the Hulk, but retaining Blonsky's intelligence and personality. He knocks Sterns aside and escapes, rampaging through the city to draw the Hulk out. At the lab, an irradiated sample of Banner's blood-derivative drips into an open wound on Sterns' temple, causing his head to mutate and expand, much to his delight.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Greenway hotel Case Study Essay

1.0 Introduction Greenway hotel is a hotel chain of Great Britain, and there are more than 60 hotels in Britain. Now, Greenway hotel has a new small hotel chain headquarters in Germany, so they want to keep the half of the new hotel and renamed as Greenway part of the hotel group, the other half to sell. In order to have a better understanding of the Multinational Resourcing, we analyzed the Greenway hotel employees choose way. Multinational Resourcing is A procurement strategy in which a business seeks to find the most cost efficient location for manufacturing a product, even if the location is in a foreign country. (Virolainen, V. M. 1998). Under Multinational Resourcing, there are several strategies may use onto business environment as company direction to become competitive among industries such as Parent Country Nationals (PCNs),Host Country Nationals (HCNs) and Adopt a Mixed (PCNs + HCNs). 2.0 Problem According to the article, because the new hotel is acquired, so many employees have left, so new hotels lack of employees in Germany. As is known to all, Greenway hotel is the hotel chain from the UK, so for the German business perspective, their lack of understanding of German information and business culture. Due to work in Germany, the hotel also has a problem which is the communication between employees, German employees speak German, but Britain’s staffs are using English, hence, it will be difficult to communicate between employees, and produce some problems. Finally, the new hotel requires four months later will be opened, so short time is also a  problem. These problems are the multinational companies outside their home countries to establish subsidiary possible problems, to solve these problems, the company can better development in countries outside of the home country. 3.0 Cause of problem Case study showed that the old employees have departed, 70% due to buy so now, Greenway hotel requires a lot of new employees, just can make the new hotel can normal operation. Second, because of the new hotel is not in home, so they are facing the new management problem, German and British business environment different, in order to attract more guests, new hotels can’t expose more British management mode. Third, due to the new employees have German and British, this will lead to the problem of language, make it difficult to manage the company. Finally, the head office for the time is short, this could lead to a new company open is not ready, it will affect the company’s reputation. 4.0 Recommendation 4.1 Lack of staff Lack of staff that is every multinational enterprises expand when encounter problems. By buying companies, some employees may leave, because the company is not stable, it will make the new staff to reduce, so the new hotel need to recruit more staff. New employees should be good for Chinese people, I believe, is preferred, although this can make the home staff less employment opportunities, but this will be conducive to the development of the new hotel. McDonald’s, for example, McDonald’s in entering a new country, would face a lack of staff. So, they will recruit new employees, such ability can let a subsidiary functioning normally. McDonald’s choice of employees have their own ideas, grass-roots staff they generally choose the host state employees, but the manager will choose home staff, not only conducive to management, also can make the subsidiary can develop faster. So the Greenway hotel should study the staffs choose way, so that we can better development in host countries. 4.2 lack of understanding of German information and business culture Due to Greenway hotel is a British company, the German problem and business culture is not understand. Therefore, the company  cannot be accepted by most customers in Germany, may also than other local hotel, and also will reduce the hotel’s profit. Greenway hotel should hire a part of the German employees, because they know a lot about the domestic market, so , the hotel will be faster accepted by customers. Second, Greenway hotel should find some employees to do market research before the opening, so as to better understand customers’ needs and preferences of Germany. Moreover, the hotels decorate those who can’t accord the British model, to apply to Germany. Like McDonald’s into other countries, for example, they will do market research, according to local custom to produce some suitable for local food, so that we can attract more guests. Second, their grassroots employees can choose host countries, but in front of the work to practice, so as not to not understand the workings of a McDonald’s. Greenway hotel can also use this way, it can be faster understand German problem and the commercial culture, let the new company can be faster to Greenway hotel group to make a profit. 4.3 The communication between staff Because we choose is mixed way to recruit staff, so the employee communication will appear problem. British workers are speaking English, but German workers speak German, so they produce very big problems of communicating. We can use two methods to solve this problem. First, let the staff to learn German, arrange the tutorial, as soon as possible so that we can solve the problem of language. Second, can only by UK employees, top management of the underlying managers choose to master English German, grass-roots staff all adopt the German employees, so you can avoid the problem of language, but this method is less multinationals own characteristic .Now most multinational companies will choose the first method, because it not only to the home country employee job opportunities, but also can cooperate with host country staff, formed a new service mode, so that we can better attract customers and gain   higher profits for the company. 4.4 Preparation time is short From the article, we know that Lincoln company gave only four months as a time to prepare, it is a challenge for the new company. First, they want to recruit employees, because employees 70% have left before. Second, they want  to solve the problem of communication between employees, such ability can let the staff could work together. Third, because the two countries cultures are different. For these problems, 4 months of preparation time is very short, so, in order to know how to solve these problems, for example, McDonald’s when they set up shop in China is mainly for host countries, so that we can reduce the time of the staff. Second, after the good employees, McDonald’s will be paid to staff training, let employees can adapt to the new job. Third, it has carried on the western food, Chinese fast food market survey, listened to the general public opinion. This survey is not common in China at that time. Fourth, to a large number of design novel and unique with the characteristics of McDonald’s advertising create a market in China, this is off the Chinese consumers’ appetite. Greenway hotel can also learn the McDonald’s to enter the Chinese way, hiring and training in Germany, and in training to send staff do market research in advance, and assign to Germany for a development strategy, so as to let the hotel to the development of better, still can save time to prepare. 5.0 Conclusion Along with the deepening of economic globalization and the vigorous development of tourism industry, the multinational hotel group covers more than half of global hotel. Transnational expansion is the inevitable choice of hotel enterprises to seek greater development, global expansion has become the new century hotel enterprise important tourism economic phenomenon. Traditional research in the field of international expansion of hotel enterprises based on the basis of economics and management, and based on the research of geography foundation is weak. Hotel enterprises transnational expansion means that break through the border of a country or region, into another country or region development, this is like a strong geographical spatial properties. Hotel international expansion has become a trend. The expansion of the hotel will produce a lot of problems. So, find the ice can better to solve these problems for hotel development in host countries, bring more profits and business opportunities. References 1. A survey of procurement strategy development in industrial companies. International Journal of Production Economics, 56, 677-688 2. http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%BD%93%E5%8A%B3%E5%8 5%AC%E5%8F%B8 3. http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%BD%93%E5%8A%B3%E5%8 5%AC%E5%8F%B8

Human Right Law Coursework (Final Year LLB Law) Essay

Human Right Law Coursework (Final Year LLB Law) - Essay Example It is in this context that the concept of ‘living instrument’ is often challenged by critics under the scepticism that considering present conditions may be contradictory and evidently different from the set guidelines and regimes followed by state courts; thus raising perplexities and conflicts amid the beneficiaries and the law enforcers. Emphasising this scepticism concerning the effectiveness of the living instrument, Brenda Hale (Baroness Hale of Richmond), stated in her lecture on â€Å"Common law and Convention law: the limits to interpretation† that the living instrument incorporated by the court of Strasbourg should have certain limits and it should not be unstoppable such as the beanstalk grown from â€Å"magic beans†2. Contextually, the primary intention of the essay will be to evaluate the past decisions of cases laid by the Strasbourg Court and critically assess the limits stated by Lady Hale in the context. The essay will also evaluate the cha nces or the probability of introducing any limits in the use of the living instrument in the Strasbourg Court. Discussion Living Instrument The ‘living instrument doctrine’ is often regarded as one of the founding principles of the Strasbourg case-law. Based on this principle, the conflicts registered in the ECHR are interpreted in the light of present day condition. In general terms, the aspect of a living instrument can be explained as an approach of the ECHR to consider the present day conditions while making a decision rather than what the drafters thought way back in the conventional era. This idea of the court is often regarded as â€Å"dynamic or evaluative†, which is however criticised as directly contradictory to the concept of ‘originalism’3. It will be crucial to mention that since the convention is considered and practiced as a living instrument, it is bound to consider only the present day conditions in order to ensure the practicality a nd effectiveness of the ECHR4. This particular notion adopted by ECHR, as a living instrument, can be comprehensively understood with reference to the cases of Mata Estevez v Spain (2001) and Schalk and Kopf v Austria (2010). For example, in the case of Mata Estevez v Spain (2001), the Strasbourg Court disapproved that the relationship between same-sex couples falls within the principles of Article 8 (â€Å"Right to respect for private and family life†) of ECHR and thus cannot be considered to be under the family scope to be entitled for the related human rights. However, in the case of Schalk and Kopf v Austria (2010), the court approved the relationship of same sex couples to be applicable under the principle of Article 8 of ECHR. In this case, the court considered the present day condition where same sex couples are treated and accepted with utmost respect in the society5. Strictly following the principle of ‘living instrument’ can give rise to various drawbac ks in the law enforcement procedure, which has become the base of continuing debate on the effectiveness of

Sunday, July 28, 2019

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 41

English - Essay Example Young managers are vulnerable to make wrong decisions if they do not work with educated and ready-to-learn employees. As they are educated and with open minds, freshmen employees at the workplace are easiest to work with. They have innovative minds influenced by academic experience they have regarding the application of logic and proper management of resources. Operations managers do not hire workforce within the corporate environment. However, they have to work with the workforce hired and assigned to them by the human resource department. For employees with higher education, the process of selecting the most suitable option becomes complicated as possession of knowledge in different areas allows each employee equal chances of performing as good as the other. In this case, operations managers supervising employees with higher education experience develop reliable operations teams. As much as higher education provides opportunities to the student for getting well-paying job, it also complicates the operations’ manager’s ability to make decisions. With equally qualified employees or prospective workforce, it is the manager’s nightmare in decision making especially in promotion recommendations. However, the effect of higher education to the employees is that any given recommendation for promotion is likely to be a wise decision regardless of the fact that better options can be at disposal. In all industries, tech or otherwise, operations management is likely to be deemed inefficient if it cannot meet deadlines on projects and other duties. One major problem associated with the challenge of not meeting deadlines is having to deal with non-cooperative employees. It is not the duty of modern manager to micromanage (supervise the least of activities per individual employee) employees or to follow each around reminding them of their duties. Employing employees with higher education experience makes it possible for the

Saturday, July 27, 2019

JUDICIAL SYSTEM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JUDICIAL SYSTEM - Essay Example The presiding judge enters the courtroom after all others have settled this is usually at precisely 10:00 am. When he does, the people present stand as a show of respect to the authority bestowed upon that judge. He sits down, he then orders for the rest of the people to be sitting. To the left of the preceding judge a panel of twelve juries is sitting, to the right slightly in front of the judge we have witness box, behind the judge we have a door leading to the judge’s chambers (Waye & Paul 337). Mr. Howard is answering charges of raping of a girl by the name Ann while she was playing in a garden at the back of an apartment where they live. The trial begins with prosecution side making remarks directing to jury. The prosecution is laying the ground for what they believe is true and showing their readiness to prove that Mr. Howard is guilty. The defense side addresses the jury with determination to prove that Mr. Howard is innocent and a law-abiding citizen. The opening statements from each side holds a lot of conviction on what they intend to prove (Waye & Paul 338). The prosecution starts to call out his witness and asks questions, the witness gives the evidence in their own words; they narrate what they witnessed as they answer the questions asked. The witness is under an oath, to tell the truth and only the truth. In this case, the first and only witness was a woman who shared the apartment with the victim and the accused. She claims to have observed Mr. Howard on different occasions looking at the Ann suggestively (Waye & Paul 339). On the evening of the unfortunate accident while in her apartment, she heard muffled screams from the garden. She moved towards her window that faced the garden in time to Mr. Howard jump across to the road from the garden. She emphasizes that she is sure it is Mr. Howard. The defense side then takes over and cross-examines the witness. Since, under the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Blog - Essay Example The red face logos have a lot than meets the eye. This is because, for years, there have been advocacy for the red color stereotyping. The logo connects in many ways to Native American caricatures the under fire. The red colored C and red face for instance for many years hints using the derogatory word â€Å"redskin† as its Indians baseball team’s mascot. The connection is more of an embodiment of ferocity, savagery and aggression of this group. These intriguing logos illuminate the origins of tidy Native Americans stereotypes. Likewise useful in understanding the root of derogatory Native America caricatures like â€Å"redskin.† Through critically analyzing the logos, the history of Native Americans stereotyping is evident. Over the years, the images have been used to echo the insignificant cultural consequences, the real import that is not actually apparent. These are clear indication of the dispute and the recent need to come with alternative

Thursday, July 25, 2019

MEDIEVAL WARFARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MEDIEVAL WARFARE - Essay Example Certainly, masculinity is not exhibited only in terms of the nature of the combat, which generally involves brute force. Rather, critical aspects of the Full Metal Joust such as characterization continue to be an area where masculinity works most. Taking the season 1 of the Full Metal Joust as a case study, it would be noted that out of a total of 16 contestants, over 70 percent of the number were males (Froissart, 1346). This shows a preconceived knowledge and idea in the minds of the ordinary person on the street of how masculine medieval warfare was and thus the need to preserve it as a masculine venture. The second instance or example has to do with the fact that there is a general stereotype that depicts males as combative and agile in defense as compared to females. This stereotype has created a misconception that Full Metal Joust should be a thing for the males and that females should find themselves associated with certain less violent and combative ventures. Some pundits have linked the masculinity and stereotype involved in medieval warfare and other popular media to even the custom used by candidates, which they believe are always designed to appear masculine. This way, it is barely impossible to differentiate between a male and a female if they are both clad in their medieval warrior custom. In the whole idea or system of medieval warfare, it would be noted that much emphasis is given to some weapons over others. Technically, it could be said that this strategic approach has been taken due to the roles that selected weapons play in bringing about victory to warriors. To this effect, bow, arrow and spear have been given much attention whiles others like the sling have been sidelined. Two factors that could possibly account for reasons for this development has to do with the reaching ability of some of these weapons in the event of combat and the portability of the weapons for swiftness. On the reaching ability of

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Feasibility Study For a Hospital in Saudi Arabia Essay

Feasibility Study For a Hospital in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example 1.3 System Overview Responsible Organization Independent Research Foundation (IRF) is the responsible organization. IRF has conducted most of the surveys on their own as well as taken help from Government and Private Organization in establishing the feasibility. IRF is responsible for handling all the investment and making sure that all goes according to the plan. System Name Tabeeb Healthcare Facility System Code BJH-699-I2011 System Category ---- Major Application: General Health Care. The facility provides services of general nature but a Cancer Research facility will also be established. The hospital will be modeled after the famous Princeton Planes Borough Hospital (US). Diagnostics and Cancer research will be given special attention and investment. ---- General Support System: The Investors for this facility will mostly be from all over the world but the facility will provide services for all the locals. As there isn’t much insurance market strength in Saudi Arabia (comp aratively), there will not be much trouble in treating patients from all walks of life. Economic Analysis and Indicators Three economic indicators were used to analyze the investment for Tabeeb Health Care Facility; the Payback period of 2.5 years, NPV of US $20 million and ROI of 13%. The economic analysis shows that to raise capital for establishing the facility, IRF is in no position to raise the capital themselves. Therefore, the most likely sources of capital to all the above scenarios are grants and / or units owned by third parties, such as energy service companies (ie, through the contract or other similar contracts for energy services). As most of the foreign investment floods into Saudi Arabia in the form of oil sector development, our most likely sponsor will be any reputable oil company, preferably, Shell. Lifecycle costs of different scenarios were performed using the reputable software software (NRC 2005). Economic indicators to assess the economic viability were: a si mple payback period, NPV, and ROI. This type of analysis makes more sense as it will be simpler to present and more likely our sponsors will agree to our plan. Agencies typically grant funds by listing projects based on a simple payback period. For life cycle cost analysis, assumptions are made as follows: Projected Life 65 years Cost Inflation Rate 2.25% Discount Rate 7% Debt Term 15 years Interest Rate 4.7% Contingencies 4% (of capital costs) Cost (Energy) Savings 55%-98% 2.0 Market Analysis Recent Studies have shown an upward trend in the demand for health care facilities among the people of Kingdom. Population is increasing at a rapid pace but the health care facilities aren’t matching the population growth rate. Other than the fact that growth rate of health care facilities is not impressive in Saudi Arabia indicating that there will be an increase in the demand for doctors and nurses, everyone needs to see a doctor. Medical and health care facilities have an inelastic d emand. Investments in pharmaceuticals and medical facilities are often always considered an option that people go for. Tabeeb Health Care Facility will be built in the heart of the capital Riyadh. The patient statistics (as they are discussed below) were relatively easy to collect and we have a very good reason to believe that the data is as

How are the issues presented in Barn Burning still relevant in the Research Paper

How are the issues presented in Barn Burning still relevant in the recent history of the United States - Research Paper Example There was a time when the African Americans had not been granted the human rights equivalent to their white counterparts. This segregation prevailed in every department and even in public places including hospitals, parks, railway stations and in public transport, where the Blacks were bound to vacant the seats in the buses for the whites as a token of their so called superiority. The Blacks were not allowed to even sit in buses and other public places alongside the white people, and even had to vacant their seats at buses provided any white person entered in a bus with no seat to sit in. (Parks, 1992) However, time turned drastic change, and the movements of the Black community to win equal rights for them turned out successful, and the segregation of the races at schools, public places and even public offices observed complete and unconditional eradication. The African American students used to seek education at segregated schools separate from the whites. Somehow, the ethnic and r acial discrimination witnessed the gradual eradication from the very face of the US society, where the individuals belonging to every races and ethnic group observed social justice and equality in the country. Consequently, the door of opportunities looked wide open for all and sundry in the country, and the Black could study, play, work, travel and dine along with the white people in the aftermath of the human rights movement launched by Martin Luther, Malcolm X, Rosa Park and several other Black leaders. However, according to Faulkner, the white maintained serious reservations about the attitude and behavior of the African Americans due to the very reality that they appeared to be far more aggressive, antagonist and revengeful during their conflict with the whites, and leave no stone unturned to take revenge of their humiliation particularly at the hands of the members of white Anglo Saxon Population (WASP). The same happened in the story under analysis where Abner Snopes, the mem ber of Black community, always underwent humiliation at the hands of his master(s) because of his extremely sluggish and laggard nature. Instead of complying with the orders of his master, and paying due heed to his professional responsibilities of looking after the barn, crops and cattle, Abner appears to be spending most of his time in taking rest as well as getting involved in chit chat with family members and friends. Thus, he transfers the duties assigned to him to his daughters, which are not in a position to perform the same in a proper manner. It not only infuriates the masters, but also paves the way towards Abner’s insult and humiliation. Somehow, instead to mending his ways, Abner turns reactionary and conspiringly set the barns under his supervision to fire before leaving the place he has been working. Answer 2: Since Faulkner has observed several incidents regarding the Black people’s turning out reactionary, the writer is of the view that such an irrespon sible attitude of the African Americans not only frightens the white community, but also they are reluctant to hire the services of the Blacks for any purpose. Actually the white community had displayed their hatred for the Blacks in all social institutions provided they considered them as their slaves and the progeny of their old slaves, which should be treated keeping in mind their old past. It is therefore

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

An Original Research Design Plan Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Original Design Plan - Research Paper Example The problems arise due to factors such as sexual and substance abuse within prisons. There is a high rate in consumption of drugs by inmates in prisons, which impact negatively on their health, and in the extreme cases lead to death. Substance abuse in Austin prisons is not a new trend, and it requires maximum attention, as the effects on the inmates are severe. Prisons are places meant to rehabilitate and reform the inmates, rather than to destroy them, in one way or the other. Introduction There has been an increasing rate of substance abuse in Austin prisons. Substance abuse refers to a pattern of harmful and injurious use of drugs for mood altering purposes. In other words, it is the consumption of illicit drugs for purposes meant to interfere with the normal mental condition of an individual (Chang, 2010). Although there has been treatment for drug abusers since the 1970s, this has not changed the fact of drug abuse in prisons. Scientific research shows that this treatment can h elp many victims change their behaviors and attitudes towards drug abuse (Stover and Michels, 2010). There are various reasons associated with drug abuse in prisons. These factors stem from the relationship that exists between crime and drug abuse, which is widely known. Drug abuse is implicated in three kinds of offences related to drug. That is, offences related directly to drug abuse such as theft to get money for drugs, offences defined by drug sale or possession, and offences related to a way of life that disposes an individual (substance abuser) to engage in unlawful activities. This may take the form of associating with other lawbreakers or with illegitimate markets (Jennifer et al. 2012). Substance abuse among prisoners in Austin is very dangerous due to the many negative impacts associated with it. The negative impacts of drug abuse affect the victim both socially and psychologically. The sociological and psychological effects of substance abuse on inmates in Austin are div erse ranging from mental illnesses to contraction of other diseases. In the extreme cases, substance abuse leads to death of the drug abuser. According to William and Daniel, 2005), inmates who engage in substance abuse in prisons are at a high risk of contracting chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDs, hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases. This occurs especially when drug abusers engage in sexual behaviors influenced by drug abuse factor. The prevalence of diseases such as HIV/AIDS in prisons is very high, increasing the rate of risk of transmission. The other serious effect that substance abuse has on individuals is relapse. Relapse to drug abuse by offenders occurs especially when they are not treated, and this makes the offenders return to criminal behavior. Relapse can bring about re-arrest and re-incarceration of offenders, jeopardizing public health and taxing criminal justice system. Therefore, this does not only affect the criminal’s social life, but also imp acts on the institutions involved negatively. Most mental illnesses in prison are a result of substance and drug abuse (Hide et al. 2012). The mental psychology of substance abusers in prisons is disturbed by intoxication. This can make the individual to become insane or interfere with the logical thinking of the individual. Substance abuse can make the individual to alter his moods and change his or her attitudes and behaviors towards a particular thing. In

Monday, July 22, 2019

Reading Theories Essay Example for Free

Reading Theories Essay Reading theories Of the two approaches mentioned in reading research and literature, the bottom-up approach focuses on language elements such as grammar, vocabulary and cohesion, while the top-down approach includes a focus on background knowledge about content and organization, generally referred to as content and formal schemata respectively. A combination of these two approaches is generally known as the Interactive Model of Reading. The pedagogy in this study was based on the Schema Interactive Model of Reading (Simonsen and Singer, 1992). 7 able 1: Approaches and strategies Approaches Top Down Strategies # Generating questions from title Skimming questions Bottom Up for content, based generated# Skimming # on for writer’s thesis # Guessing meanings of words from context (vocabulary) use of modals, tenses Schema discourse) Interactive (text as # Concepts of cohesion and coherence and connections between paragraphs Text purpose and purpose at paragraph level # the # Understanding how language functions in context. E. g. Metaphorical models of reading Specific models of reading. Bottom-up models Top-down models Interactive models Interactive compensatory model( nature inner knowledge) if there’s lack u should compensate it Word recognition model Simple view of reading model Dual coding model (2languages) Psycholinguistic guessing game: activate prior knowledge .. student is giving an aim for reading Reading strategies : . specifying a purpose for reading ? Planning what to do and what steps to take ? Previewing the text ? Predicting the contentes of the text or section of text ? Reflecting on what has been learned from the text ? Checking prdictions ? Posing questions about the text ? Finding answers to posed questions ? Connecting test to background knowledge ? Summarizing infor ? Makin interferances ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Connecting one part of the text to another Paying attention to text structure Rereading Guessing the meaning of new word from the context Using discourse makers to see relationships Checking comprehension Identifying difficulties Taking steps to reapir faulty comprehension Critiquing the author Critiquing the text Judging how well purposes for reading were met (where you reached the aim of reading or not ) Reading is not decoding but building concepts Read is to acquire lge in order to know special notes In order to write u need positions + definitions Learning can happen without reading There is implicit relationship betwwen l1 and l2 It is natural to use L1 in L2 reading.. L1 IS The basis of L1 To accomplish this goal, instructors focus on the process of reading rather than on its product. ? ? ? They develop students awareness of the reading process and reading strategies by asking students to think and talk about how they read in their native language. They allow students to practice the full repertoire of reading strategies by using authentic reading tasks. They encourage students to read to learn (and have an authentic purpose for reading) by giving students some choice of reading material. When working with reading tasks in class, they show students the strategies that will work best for the reading purpose and the type of text. They explain how and why students should use the strategies. ? ? ? ? They have students practice reading strategies in class and ask them to practice outside of class in their reading assignments. They encourage students to be conscious of what theyre doing while they complete reading assignments. They encourage students to evaluate their comprehension and selfreport their use of strategies. They build comprehension checks into in-class and out-of-class reading assignments, and periodically review how and when to use particular strategies. They encourage the development of reading skills and the use of reading strategies by using the target language to convey instructions and course-related information in written form: office hours, homework assignments, test content. They do not assume that students will transfer strategy use from one task to another. They explicitly mention how a particular strategy can be used in a different type of reading task or with another skill. By raising students awareness of reading as a skill that requires active engagement, and by explicitly teaching reading strategies, instructors help their students develop both the ability and the confidence to handle communication situations they may encounter beyond the classroom. In this way they give their students the foundation for communicative competence in the new language. ‘ SLA: Second-language acquisition or second-language learning is the process by which people learn a second language. Second-language acquisition (often abbreviated to SLA) also refers to the scientific discipline devoted to studying that process. Second language refers to any language learned in addition to a persons first language; although the concept is named second-language [1] acquisition, it can also incorporate the learning of third, fourth, or subsequent languages. Secondlanguage acquisition refers to what learners do; it does not refer to practices in language teaching. The academic discipline of second-language acquisition is a subdiscipline of applied linguistics. It is broad-based and relatively new. As well as the various branches of linguistics, second-language acquisition is also closely related to psychology, cognitive psychology, and education Is to acquire lg without effort : classroom/real life.. in natural way L2 reading is a reading problem. is not letter decoding†¦when you read l2 text you activate your prior knowledge †¦l2 readers who are able to turn a txt into paragraph are better reader==) read faster/remember more There is no reading without : -phonological representation /guess meaning/ prior knwldge Implicit knowledge That we learn unconsciously Automatic knowledge The explcit will turn into implicit Output: what u speak input: what u read learn Explicit knowledge we can verbelize.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

The History Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

The History Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay Water is an important natural resource upon which all the living beings rely for their existence and growth. Nature has blessed the earth with uncountable water resources but usable quantity is limited. Hence, it is important to use water sparingly. The irony is, human activities result is high water pollution which further shortens the water supply for use. Water Pollution In an age when man  has forgotten his origins and is blind even to his most essential needs for survival, water along with other resources has become the  victim of his indifference (Carson, 2002, p. 39). Water is considered to be most crucial one among all the worlds natural resources. Although it covers the largest part of the earths surface (70%), yet it is the limiting factor most of the times. This is because most of this water is not available for use in agriculture or for other human needs due to the presence of significant amounts of mineral salts and heavy metals that make water unfit for use. In each home of an American in New York, 99 gallons of water is an average daily requirement (Fishman, 2012). Water consumption increases by a factor of 2-3% each year while the fresh water total supply remains comparatively constant (Dowdeswell, 1996). Thus, the demand of water is a big dilemma today. A major problem related to water is the issue of water pollution. It is basically the contamination of water with pollutants that may be from human, animal or industrial origin. Natural as well as anthropogenic activities lead to the spoilage of rivers, streams and ground water. This polluted water may also move from one place to another leading to water pollution at greater level (Chiras, 2012). Pollutants in surface waters can be of organic or inorganic nature. Processed or un-processed waste material from either animal or human origin can be released into water ways by waste disposal plants etc. Oil spills are also major contributors of water pollution that give rise to organic pollutants. When water gets saturated with this organic waste, bacteria begin to multiply rapidly. Because of the metabolic activity of the micro-organisms, oxygen gets depleted in such water reservoirs. Oxygen depletion may prove lethal to the life of bodies that rely on oxygen for living. The oxygen level in such bodies can be maintained if the organic influx in such water resources is controlled or minimized. The inorganic pollutants in surface water are basically the nitrates or phosphates which increase the plant growth that lead to inhibition of aquatic life. This is because when plants die, their decay leads to oxygen depletion which effects the aquatic environment greatly. Another important phenomenon related to water pollution is eutrophication which is the deposition of nutrients in lakes. These nutrients come from both natural and human sources and may result in aging of lakes prematurely (Chiras, 2012). Some man made products like plastics, medical wastes and sewage sludge also add significant amount of pollutants to the water. Plastic, because of being resistant to degradation is a great environmental hazard. Although direct dumping of sewage is controlled to a great extent, yet a lot of waste is being introduced into oceans and rivers by the sewage treatment plants (Chiras, 2012). Water may also contain infectious pathogenic micro-organisms that may lead to water-borne disease and ultimately deaths. Parasites as well as bacteria seeping into drinking water may lead to chronic diarrhoea, severe infections of ear and stomach diseases (Duhigg, 2009). Contamination of both ground and surface water through chemical pollutants such as pesticides increases production of carcinogens in the public water supplies. According to National Cancer Institute, the danger of cancer from the consumption of contaminated water will increase greatly in future. A study in Holland supported the view that cancer may be caused because of pollution of waterways. Cities which get water from the rivers have a higher mortality rate than those who use water from less susceptible sources like wells. Arsenic is the major pollutant in polluted waters that leads to cancer (Carson, 2002). Pollution control is the need of today to protect human and animal life from the disasters caused by water pollutants. The control can be imposed by two ways: either by the elimination of contaminants from various sources or by adoption of ways that prevent pollution. Legislative control for addressing the problem of water pollution is being applied on the factories and sewage plants. However, no significant improvement in pollution control has been achieved through this way as the pollution from the streets, farm fields and lawns equalizes the industrial pollution. Control of such wastes is although in infancy yet it is gaining popularity as many cost effective methodologies are present to deal with such wastes. The U. S. government as well as some other states have proven to be successful in addressing ground water pollution. This is because ground water is the major source of drinking water in most of the regions. One pollution control strategy is the treatment of the sewage water. In the first phase, larger particles and particulate organic matter is filtered out of the sewage water. The second stage involves the treatment of the sewage water to remove the organic matter that contains significant amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. This treatment involves the use of bacteria or other decomposers. The third and last treatment is ensuring that the sewage water quality is sustained to the level of drinking water (Chiras, 2012). This is accomplished by increasing the Biological Oxygen demand (BOD) and decreasing the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of the sewage water. Recently, a marine biologist Dr. Widder has come up with a technology to fight water pollution through the use of bioluminescent bacteria. These bacteria make use of light for food, predation and finding partners for mating as part of their normal activity. Dr. Widder performed a study in the Indian River Lagoon which according to scientists is valuable and at the same time the most threatened ecosystem of Florida. In her laboratory, she mixed the sediment samples from the estuary with a bioluminescent bacterium, Vibrio fischeri. The concentration of toxic pollutants in the sediments was monitored through the use of photometer that measured the light emitted by the bacteria. It revealed that to what extent and in what time the light fades away as the bacteria get killed by the chemicals. An estimate of the pollutant level in the sediments better indicates the estuarys health status as compared to direct measurement of chemicals in water. Greater concentration of heavy metals like phosphorus and nitrogen were observed to be present in the sediment samples which stimulate the algal growth. These algae affect the estuary life by depleting oxygen. Dr. Widder has also arranged sensors around the estuary that can provide data in real time which along with the sediment toxicity can trace the path of the pollution source. This method is far more cheap and robust than the traditional practice of taking samples to labs for purpose of analysis (Olsen, 2011). Other than these measures, there is a need of shift of human activities towards the ones that are eco-friendly. Biodegradable plastic should be produced by most of the factories and industries instead of non-degradable plastic that is toxic for health. Moreover, oil spills should be removed from oceans through use of bacteria which can degrade the organic compounds in those oil spills. Better and more economic water treatment strategies should be devised in the future to deal with polluted water. Moreover, ways should be discovered to overcome the shortage of water in near future.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Synthesised by living organisms

Synthesised by living organisms Definition of biopolymer: Biopolymers are naturally occurring polymers which are synthesised by living organisms. This synthesis can occur either internally within an organisms structure, or externally in appropriate conditions. The term biopolymer also encompasses those polymers which are produced by the physical or chemical manipulation of production environments. However, depending on the terms origination, it does not strictly include those polymers produced by biological manipulating. For this reason, it is best to classify such polymers as ‘partially synthetic biopolymers. Through the chemical and physical manipulation of production environments, a large variety of biopolymers have been synthesised. Each of these newly developed biopolymers are available with unique and beneficial properties, along with the ability to biodegrade and provide a renewable source of plastic like material. Reasons why biopolymers may become increasingly important in society: Petroleum derived plastics have formed an integral relationship with modern society, providing a cheap, convenient and durable method for developing numerous consumer goods and other products. The negative impacts associated with plastic favour the use of biopolymers. Such impacts, along with other factors, involve: An overuse of non-biodegradable plastics. These plastics are produced at a rate of over 100million tonnes per year- consumption patterns which have lead to serious problems concerning environmental pollution, waste management and danger to animals. An uncertainty about the future resources of the petrochemical industry. This industry may become obsolete or produce goods too expensive for mainstream consumption. The initiatives of recycling have failed to make any great progress over the previous decades. The recent success of biocompatible plastics which have revolutionised the medical industry. The ability to use industrial waste (such as food waste) as a substrate for biopolymer production. This has the added benefit of improving waste usage and reducing other forms of pollution and treatment. Burning of electronic waste (e-waste) to recover the precious metals contained in chips and circuits. With the continued exponential growth of the electronics industry, the illegal practice of secretly burning e-waste releases many toxic gases, especially if coated in PVC. For these reasons, much interest has arisen in the design and development of biodegradable, renewable, practical and economically viable biopolymers to replace the synthetic plastics consumed today. The new age of renewable energy and waste management have resulted in great emphasis on the future of biopolymers and the relative efficiency of their production. Selected Biopolymer: PHB is a biopolymer belonging to a group of biopolymers called polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). It is also classified as a polyester due to containing an ester functional group. PHB is synthesised by the polymerisation of (R)-3-hydroxybutynl-CoA. PHB is produced by bacteria as the result of physiological stress. During this process PHB acts as an energy storage molecule to be used later when other energy sources are depleted. The most common form of PHB is poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,(as shown in the above diagram), however discussed below are the generalised notes for all PHB isomers. PHB was first discovered in 1925 by Maurice Lemoigne who concluded that bacteria could produce polyesters. However Maurices discovery was not officially recognised as PHB until its rediscovery in 1957. This stimulated much interest in the future of biopolymers, an interest which has reignited in recent years due to the environmental debate and uncertain future of the petrochemical industry. Using traditional production methods, up to 80% of the dry weight of the bacteria can be composed of PHB. Properties of the biopolymer 100% biodegradable in both aerobic and anaerobic environments Biocompatible the polymer can be naturally incorporated into and decomposed by the human body Thermoplastic Piezoelectric produces an electric potential when compressed 8 Low thermal stability 9 Ultra violet resistance 10 High melting point 175C8 Low resistance towards acids and bases 10 Transparent and lustrous High crystallinity structural arrangement 8 Stiff 8 More dense then water 10 Brittle depends on the level of crystallinity 8 Does not have chain branching it is isotactic (uniform structure) and therefore flows well during processing8 Is not soluble in water hydrophobic 8 Has a low permeable level (penetration) for oxygen, water and carbon dioxide8 Uses or potential uses of the biopolymer Relationship between uses and properties PHB could become the new material for use in bottles, bags, wrapping, nappies and other disposables where biodegradability is a concern Due to the biodegradability of PHB in both aerobic and anaerobic environments (both in the presence or lack of oxygen) there is a great incentive for the potential replacement of the polymers derived from petrochemicals. PHB is also hydrophobic, has low permeability by oxygen, water and CO2, has UV resistance, high melting point, and is isotactic properties which make PHB a suitable replacement for many plastic products. PHB can be used as a medical tool. These include surgical implants, treads and coatings. In medical applications, PHB is biocompatible with the blood and tissues of humans and other mammals. The normal metabolism of humans produces the monomer of PHB, (R)-3-hydroxybutynl-CoA,and thus does not reject the polymers use as a medical tool. Surgical implants and threads all reabsorb into the body. In the pharmaceutical industry, PHB can coat capsules and provide slow or controlled drug release. The property of biocompatibility allows this process to occur. Also, a low permeability for O2 and H2O allows it to be released slowly. The electronics industry currently burns the plastic (usually PVC) coatings around chips and circuits to retain precious metals. PHB could provide an alternative which prevents toxic gases being released by this practice. Due to the property of biodegradability, special treatment facilities could be established to extract the precious metals in an environmentally friendly manner. Potential benefits of the biopolymer to society and the environment Environmental impacts: Recycling plastic as an alternative to environmental pollution and landfill usually requires more energy compared to creating new plastic. A biopolymer with the ability to biodegrade, such as PHB, removes the need to consider the less energy efficient recycling method. Burning waste plastic to harness energy is an option towards to landfill issue, but this releases toxic gases and increases carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Conversely, biological polymers form part of a natural cycle whereby carbon dioxide and water are used during photosynthesis and released during natural decomposition. The ability to synthesise PHB from a wide variety of carbon rich sources means that a secondary use or market can be found for some waste products. Using substrates such as industrial food waste and molasses from sugar processing reduces the need for the treatment and disposal of such wastes. The complete changeover to PHB from normal petroleum derived plastics would reduce landfill volumes by approximately 20%, given this is the percentage composition of plastics in our rubbish. This would reduce overall volumes of pollution. Societal impacts: PHB and other biopolymers have revolutionised the medical industry. PHB is biocompatible with human blood and tissues, and readily reabsorbs into the body objects such as implants and threading. The biopolymer can also be used as a material for slow releasing drugs. Improvements in this field are inevitable. Petrol derived plastics can be carcinogenic. Examples include those containing benzene and vinyl chloride. PHB is a safer material for use in containers and drink bottles where this is an inconclusive concern. Reducing the volume of landfill by 20% has the social benefit of increasing overall domestic, commercial and industrial land use. It also reduces the public ‘eyesore the landfill creates. Production of PHB using food substrates can have negative societal impacts. A higher demand for substrates which form the staple diet of developing countries may reduce the ability of these countries to purchase this food. Such a consequence would worsen the food shortages of these developing countries. HSC Chemistry Assessment Task 1: Biopolymers Current problems with the biopolymer HSC Chemistry Applying PHB as a substitute material for petroleum derived synthetic plastics would cost substantially more and offer no real performance advantages other than its biodegradability. In the production of PHB four major factors influence overall cost: the price of the substrate the effective yield achieved from that substrate the price of other input factors tedious production procedures such as the need for a pure culture of alcaligenes eutrophus The cost of harvesting the PHB directly from alcaligenes eutrophus costs approximately $8/kg. This is substantially more than the $1/kg production cost for most oil based plastics. These high costs are reflected in the relative costs of different substrates. The cost of the petrochemical substrate for polypropylene is US$0.185/kg of polypropylene . This is a large variation compared to the prices of different PHB substrates given in the following table: Substrate effectiveness based on substrate costs and yield of PHB Substrate Price of substrate (US$/kg) Yield (kg/kg of substrate) Substrate Cost (US$/kg of PHB) Glucose 0.493 0.38 1.350 Sucrose 0.295 0.40 0.720 Methanol 0.180 0.430 0.420 Acetic Acid 0.595 0.380 1.560 Ethanol 0.502 0.500 1.000 Molasses 0.220 0.420 0.520 Cheese whey 0.071 0.330 0.220 Corn Starch 0.220 0.185 0.580 Hemicellulose 0.069 0.200 0.340 In addition to the economical restraints of PHB, various mechanical issues are also apparent: PHB is stiff and brittle compared to polyethylene and polypropylene. This has hindered its wide acceptance as a practical replacement for these materials. Brittleness is directly related to the degree of crystallinity in the material. At room temperature, over time, secondary crystallisation occurs and the material becomes more brittle. The polymer chains degrade during processing The effect of the mass production of PHB on the environment has not been thoroughly investigated. While the material is biodegradable and renewable, major environmental consequences not yet identified may exist. Properties/production processes which need further research The main directions of improvement and research into modifying PHB and/or its production process can be classified into two categories: HSC Chemistry 1. Methods which involve the physical or chemical manipulation of production environments: Adding lubricants and plasticisers to prevent degrading of chains during processing. Researching new bacteria which naturally produce plasticisers along with the biopolymer to address the issue of brittleness. Such progress would directly reduce the production costs as the plasticisers otherwise added are expensive. Suppression of the secondary crystallisation that occurs over time Making products that are programmed degradable a biopolymer that allows you to control when and how it degrades. This will insure that the biopolymer remains practical while still in use. Investigating the influence of additives on PHB degrading and level of brittleness Increasing the productivity of processing techniques such as: Extrusion: the process in which blends are mixed to create a uniform product Injection moulding: the process of injecting the molten polymer into a mould to solidify Investigating which solvents used in the extraction process are most productive and efficient Distinguishing methods which decrease the production time. Time means money, and the time taken by the bacteria to produce PHB is an economical factor hindering its commercial use.

Toward a Dynamic Conception of ousia :: Aristotle Aristotelian Legacy

Toward a Dynamic Conception of ousia This paper is an initial attempt to develop a dynamic conception of being which is not anarchic. It does this by returning to Aristotle in order to begin the process of reinterpreting the meaning of ousia, the concept according to which western ontology has been determined. Such a reinterpretation opens up the possibility of understanding the dynamic nature of ontological identity and the principles according to which this identity is established. The development of the notions of energeia, dynamis and entelecheia in the middle books of Aristotle’s Metaphysics will be discussed in order to suggest that there is a dynamic ontological framework at work in Aristotle’s later writing. This framework lends insight into the dynamic structure of being itself, a structure which does justice as much to the concern for continuity through change as it does to the moment of difference. The name for this conception of identity which affirms both continuity and novelty is "legacy." Th is paper attempts to apprehend the meaning of being as legacy. There is perhaps no idea in the history of western ontology with a more powerful legacy than Aristotle’s conception of ousia. Traditionally construed, "ousia" stands for the primary, foundational principle of being. It can be said that ontology has historically been ousiology – the search for ultimate foundations. In this quest for ultimates, the ousia names the absolute arche, the foundational principle that reigns over and orders all being. The political tone of this formulation is intentional; it is designed to frame the ontological question concerning the meaning of ousia in ethico-political terms. The impetus behind this strategy is to suggest that western ontology has been largely determined by an authoritarian tendency that seeks to establish a single ultimate principle in order to secure a firm and certain foundation. On the one hand, this authoritarian tendency may be traced back to Aristotle, for ousia is precisely such a hegemonic principle; on the other hand , Aristotle also suggests another conception of ousia, one that can be drawn upon in the attempt to resist this authoritarian tendency. In what follows, I trace both the authoritarian and this resistant conception ousia in Aristotle. Aristotle’s Authoritarian Ontology To apply the political term "authoritarian" to an ontological account may at first seem to be a simple category mistake. However, this first impression fails to recognize that many of the terms that have come

Friday, July 19, 2019

Shakespeare’s Ridiculous King Lear Essay -- mocking nobility

It’s surprising that Shakespeare’s King Lear is not treated as a comedy. His portrayal of a power hungry nobility only serves to mock the monarchical system. Both of Lear’s elder daughters deceive their own father in order to procure his wealth of land, and Edmund the bastard cannot stop killing and lying in order to climb up the royal succession. This backstabbing nature of the monarchy is exactly what makes it so ridiculous. Most importantly, Shakespeare depicts the tragic life of King Lear, an abdicated ruler. The play centers around Lear’s struggle to maintain his subjects’ respect and his daughters’ love, all of which he loses. With these examples, Shakespeare makes a shrewd comment about the superfluousness of the ruling class, and the fate of Lear becomes a stand-in for Shakespeare’s attitude towards the â€Å"nobility.† Shakespeare wrote King Lear around 1606, which coincides with the reign of King James I, who ascended to the throne in 1603, succeeding Elizabeth I. Although he was a supporter of the arts, James â€Å"articulated his belief in an absolutist theory of monarchy and the divine right of kings, desiring to command not only complete obedience but also complete devotion† (Bengtsson). Being that Elizabeth had previously established an equal relationship with the parliament, British government became uneasy. In addition, many Protestants, including Shakespeare himself, feared that religious persecution would start up once more as it had before Elizabeth. In fact, James passed the Popish Recusants Act, â€Å"an act to cause persons [existing Protestants] to be naturalized or restored in blood to conform [to Catholicism] and take the oath of allegiance and supremacy [to the Pope]† (Burton). From his actions, one can see how Eng... ... the neglect of the true purpose of government: to lead the people. In this way, The Tragedy of King Lear becomes a criticism, illustrating Shakespeare’s attitudes towards the flawed ruling class of his time. Works Cited Bengtsson, Frederick. â€Å"Historical Context for King Lear by William Shakespeare.† Columbia College. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. . â€Å"Mary, Queen of Scots.† BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. . Shakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York: Washington Square, 1993. Print. Burton, Edwin, Edward D’Alton, and Jarvis Kelley. â€Å"Penal Laws.† The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 21 Jan. 2014. .

Thursday, July 18, 2019

A discussion of the symbolism of death in Edgar Allen Poe

Only   the   people   of   his   age   or   generation   oblique   in   opening   up   areas   of   human   experience   for   creative   handling   which   he   established.   The   reality   for   human   being   is   basically   very   deep   according   to   his   idea,   his   idea   also   states   that   human   being’s   reality   differs   to   outside   reality,   and   nature   is   intensely   unreasonable.As   the   telepathist   of   the   current   emotional   response,   symbolist   association   or   group   called   him   after   the   generation   gap   of   two.   Edgar   lost   his   mother   through   exploitation   and   father   through   neglecting   at   very   young   age   of   3   years;   he   has   only   older   brother   and   younger   sister.The   childr en   of   his   families   were   divided   up,   going   to   different   people   house   to   live.   Edgar   went   Virginia   that   is   home   of   Frances   Allan   and   John   which   gave   him   a   middle   name   Poe,   and   the   house   was   a   charitable   Richmond.The   connection   between   Poe’s   effort,   hard   work   and   his   terrifying   life   isn’t   tough.   Behind   a   show   of   sometimes   significant,   sometimes   reduced   â€Å"realism,†Ã‚   his   imaginary   work   looks   like   the   dreams   of   a   troubled   individual   who   keeps   coming   back,   night   after   night,   to   the   same   pattern   of   dream.At   that   period   he   traces   out   the   pattern   evenly,   at   other   times   in   a   â€Å"conside rate†Ã‚   humor,   but   normally   the   manner   is   terror.   He   finds   himself   downward,   into   a   basement,   a   wine   burial   chamber,   eddy,   always   falling.To   show   the   investigation   of   the   human   being,   an   example   was   given   to   his   opponent   by   Poe.   The   example   was   about   the   final   arrival   of   the   deep   privacy   of   his   internal   personality   for   himself   by   going   away   deep   into   himself   .According   to   the   investigation,   to   distinguish   much   of   20th-century   skill,   and   it   is   the   notable   success   of   Poe   as   an   performer   that   his   work   looks   ahead   with   such   amazing   accuracy   to   the   work   of   the   century   that   followed.  When   seei ng   the   building   at   first   sight,   his   courage   was   pervade,   seeing   the   unbearable   darkness,   he   was   not   knowing   how   it   happened   to   him.Before   him   he   looked   at   the   scene   of   the   walls   which   where   unwelcoming,   the   windows   which   were   vacant,   the   house   which   are   plain   or   measly,   and   the   straightforward   scenery   features   of   the   area,   he   also   looked   upon   a   small   number   of   grade   sedges,   the   trees   where   decomposed   and   had   white   trunks,   with   an   absolute   depression   of   soul   which   he   can   compare   to   no   possible   feeling   more   correctly   than   to   the   after,   in   everyday   life   there   is   sour   fall,   the   covering   was   too   dropping   and   ugly,   dream   of   the   reveller   upon   opium.Presently   there   was   coolness,   a   dipping;   an   illness   of   the   heart,   not   convert   dullness   of   thinking   which   not   make   of   the   imagination   might   suffer   into   aught   of   the   inspiring.   What   was   it   –   He   silenced   to   believe   –   what   was   it   that   so   scared   him   in   the   meditation   of   the   House   of   Usher?It   neither   was   an   inscrutability   every   one   unsolvable;   nor   can   He   struggle   by   way   of   the   obscure   imagine   that   packed   ahead   him   because   He   considered.He   was   required   to   drop   reverse   ahead   the   unacceptable   end,   that   at   the   same   time   as ,   further   than   uncertainty,   there   are   mixtures   of   extremely   straightforward   ordinary   substance   which   contain   the   control   of   therefore   touching   everyone,   unmoving   the   examination   of   this   authority   dishonesty   amongst   thoughts   away   from   the   deepness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Work   cited   page:www.bookrags.com.   March   26,   2008.   http://www.bookrags.com/biography/edgar-allan-poe/.www.classic-literature.co.uk.   March   26,   2008.   http://www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-authors/19th-century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher/www.classic-literature.co.uk.   March   26,   2008.   http:// www.classic-literature.co.uk/american-authors/19th-century/edgar-allan-poe/the-fall-of-the-house-of-usher/book-page-02.asp   

“High Tide in Tucson” Barbara Kingsolver Essay

This Essay is from her apply of essays High Tide in Tucson in which Barbara Kingsolver shares her beliefs and her commitments specifically, in family, community, the common keen, cultural diversity, the being of pip-squeakren, and child rearing, which she lets in or rushes proscribed to embrace all the wonders, beauties, threats, and angers that sprightliness and land fuel offer. It also touches on some(prenominal) aspects and nuances that make life worth musical accompaniment she is able to draw from her experiences to teach differents the many an(prenominal) life lessons that she has learned well-nigh child rearing. This excerpt from her book has a very personal tone this closeness makes her reputation more realistic and believable. It is this sincerity and desolation that makes the story warm. The author has been known as an advocate of nature. She devotes much respect to the other inhabitants of her world. Not only does she love genius for the sake of life, but sh e is also is a mother fiercely trying encourage the worlds indwelling peach tree for her daughter to relish.There is much life throughout this writing and she does a gigantic job of portraying things as they are, without many of the biases that we find in society today. genteelness children is a patient alchemy, she declares Most classical are Kingsolvers reflections on her delegating because it aims to convey truths we know but cant feel, good art is political, whether it doer to be or not. The fear she brings to the natural world in her writing accomplishes what good writing should it expands the universe and brings critical attention to things we might otherwise take for tending(p) or never have even thought about.Ive read a few of her essays and they are human and believable. (I.e. her feelings and thoughts about alternative families, feminism, sustainability and the environment) about her 2-year-old daughters acts of defiance, and occasionally frustration at the call forth of the world in which we live she does so with passion. The essay gives a warm trade protection to our animal nature and its ability to air travel itself into the natural rhythms of life, despite ourselves and our absorption in a world full of wants.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Payne v. Tennessee Essay

Facts After spending a morning and afternoon drinking beer and injecting cocaine, Pervis Tyrone Payne entered the apartment of 28-year-old Charisse Christopher and her both children, Lacie, age ii and Nicholas, age three at approximately 300 p.m. on June 27th, 1987. Payne made inner advances toward Charisse Christopher. She resisted, which lead Payne to kill both Charisse and Lacie. Nicholas was found with several(prenominal) severe stab wounds that completely penetrated him front to back, entirely he managed to survive. Payne was apprehended later that day privateness in the attic of a former female childs house. Payne was convicted by a jury of dickens aims of murder. At sentencing, Payne presented the good word of his mother, father, Bobbie Thomas and a clinical psychologist. These testimonies showed Payne was of good character, he attended church and he was of low intelligence and mentally handicapped. The tell presented the testimony of Ms.Christophers mother, who spok e of the negative jar of the murders on Nicholas. Furthermore, the prosecutor presented argument regarding Nicholas experience. The jury sentenced the Payne to death on each count of murder. History Pervis Tyrone Payne was arrested and charged with two counts of first-degree murder, the jury sentenced Payne to death on each count of murder. Issue Does the ordinal Amendment prohibit a not bad(p) sentencing jury from considering dupe impact present relating to the own(prenominal) characteristics of the dupe and the emotional impact of the curses on the victims family?Finding No. Victim impact evidence shall not be considered according to the get together States ultimate Court. This rule was because victim impact evidence presents factors about which the suspect may have been incognizant of and therefore, the evidence has nothing to do with the blameworthiness of a particular defendant.So basically, no evidence away(p) the case and not relating directly to the circumstances of the crime was admitted. In the present case, however, the Supreme Court evince the view that a State may decent conclude that for the jury to assess meaningfully the defendants moral culpability and blameworthiness, it should have sooner it at the sentencing phase evidence of the specific abuse caused by the defendant.So, a State may permission the admission of victimimpact evidence, as the Eighth Amendment presents no per se bar. The Supreme Court of Tennessee sustain the conviction and sentence. The court rejected Paynes inclination that the admission of the grandmothers testimony and the States closing argument constituted harmful violations of his rights under the Eighth Amendment as applied in Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987), and South Carolina v. Gathers, 490 U.S. 805 (1989). Rational The court say Stare decisis is not an inexorable command kinda, it is a principle of policy and not a mechanized formula of adherence to the latest decision.So basically, not a ll laws are set completely in stone and it can change over conviction from case to case. The court states that neither the law nor the facts keep the prior cases have changed, merely the personnel of the Supreme Court have changed. My Notes A few things I noticed was I unclear how Payne could argue that introducing such(prenominal) evidence as the grandmother testimony encourages jurors to conclude for the death penalty based on emotions rather than lawsuit. But, having his parents testify that he was of good character as plays on emotion, rather than reason. To me, only after introducing victim impact evidence can the juries meaningfully realise the proper punishment. After all the whole reason for this is to protect the victim right?